MARRAKESH DECLARATION TO END AUSTERITY
Today, more than 6 billion people are suffering from austerity, so-called “fiscal consolidation”, amid a cost-of-living crisis. We demand that governments immediately stop harmful public budget cuts in essential areas like education, health and social protection, and halt damaging reforms such as the privatization of public services and social security rights, which are exacerbating gender inequality, as women are the shock absorbers due to the subsidy they provide to the global economy through their unpaid domestic and care work. Instead of austerity cuts/reforms, governments must seek new sources of fiscal space to meet their Human Rights obligations and achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Specifically, we, the undersigned civil society organizations, trade unions and academics demand that governments, Ministries of Finance, the IMF, World Bank and other International Financial Institutions urgently:
- Stop slashing much needed budgets for social protection, education, health, public transport, housing and other social programs;
- Stop cuts or caps to the wage bill, in particular for the number and salaries of teachers, health and social workers, as well as civil servants at the local level;
- Stop reducing subsidies that support households;
- Stop pension and social security reforms that result in lower benefits, and avoid reducing employers’ contributions to social security (“tax wedge”) to ensure that systems are equitable and sustainable;
- Stop labor flexibilization reforms;
- Stop privatizations and public-private partnerships in socially relevant areas, often disguised as “State-Owned Enterprise reforms”;
- Stop the adherence to private finance-first approaches, such as the World Bank’s Cascade approach, that deepen the false financing solution of macroeconomic and financial dependence on corporate actors and private capital;
- Stop any other budget cuts or reforms with negative social impacts, particularly on women.
We urge International Financial Institutions, governments and Ministries of Finance to implement financing alternatives, mainly:
- Increase progressive taxes on corporations, the financial sector and the rich, including corporate and personal income and wealth taxes, excess profits, taxes to windfall profits, digital services, and financial transaction taxes; instead of regressive taxes such as VAT/Sales taxes;
- Review, cancel and stop signing socially harmful tax agreements such as bilateral tax treaties and harmful tax incentives to corporations;
- Reduce/eliminate sovereign debts, so debt service does not reduce social expenditures;Provide countries with access to swift and orderly debt restructuring where needed, while including private creditors also in debt restructuring on a mandatory basis.
- Scrap harmful fiscal ceilings or fiscal rules that don’t allow investing public resources to fight the climate emergency or inequality.
- Increase employers’ contributions to social security to ensure the sustainability of social security systems, and formalize workers in the informal economy with decent contracts;
- Fight illicit financial flows, such as money laundering, natural resources crimes, trade mispricing, and tax evasion, all illegal; and join forces to combat global tax abuse by supporting a UN Tax Convention and Tax Body; invest adequate resources to support an effective and progressive tax reform;
- Tap into fiscal and foreign exchange reserves, so that national savings are invested in people and sustainable development today;
- Assess critically the gendered and inequality impact of all austerity policies/reforms as well as of the financing alternatives, to ensure equitable outcomes;
- Ensure higher levels of development aid by donors, reaching the UN target of 0.7% of their Gross National Income (GNI) and ensure climate financing is new and additional, while providing compensation for loss and damage arising from climate change.
The fact that decisions affecting the life and welfare of millions of people are taken behind closed doors in Ministries of Finance and International Financial Institutions is bad governance. Decisions on public finance should be accountable to parliaments and citizens. We, civil society representatives, trade unions and academics, demand that governments take decisions transparently in national social dialogue, jointly with free trade unions, federated employers and representative CSOs, to ensure good governance and the achievement of Human Rights and the Sustainable Development Goals, and provide a viable and urgently- needed alternative to austerity and growing social pain.
SIGNATORS
ORGANIZATIONS:
- Abantu for Development, Ghana
- Academics Stand Against Poverty, USA
- ActionAid International, Global
- Adéquations, France
- Africans Rising for Unity, Justice, Peace and Dignity, The Gambia
- Afrika Youth Movement, Africa
- AIDC, South Africa
- AJESH (Ajemakebu Selfhelp), Cameroon and Ghana
- Akina Mama wa Afrika Malawi, Malawi
- Akina Mama wa Afrika Uganda, Uganda
- Alliance nationale des Mutualités Chrétiennes / National Alliance of Christian Mutual Health Funds, Belgium
- Alternative Information and Development Centre, South Africa
- Arab NGO Network for Development, Arab Region
- Arab Renaissance Democracy and Developemnt (ARDD), Jordan
- Asia Monitor Resource Centre, Republic of Korea
- Asian People’s Movement on Debt and Development, Philippines
- Asociación Mujeres Emprendedoras de Alta Verapaz MEAV, Guatemala
- AspAfrique-Jics, Switzerland
- Association For Promotion Sustainable Development, India
- Bayarsaikhan SWB, Mongolia
- Big afrika network, Kenya
- Bisan Center for Research and Development, Palestine
- Blogoma, DR Congo
- Bretton Woods Project (BWP), UK
- CADTM international – Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt, Belgium
- Caribbean Policy Development Centre, Barbados/Caribbean
- Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), USA
- Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR), Global
- Centre for Environment, Human Rights & Development Forum, Bangladesh
- Centre for Social Policy Development, Pakistan
- Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales, Argentina
- Centro de Estudios Nacionales de Desarrollo Alternativo, CENDA Chile
- Chirapaq and Continental Network of Indigenous Women of the Americas -ECMIA, Peru
- Christian Aid, UK
- CNCD-11.11.11, Belgium
- Coalition of Grassroots Women Initiative, Kenya
- Collectif Sénégalais des Africaines pour la Promotion de l’Éducation Relative à l’Environnement (COSAPERE), Sénégal
- Comisiones Obreras (CCOO), Spain
- Community service and Development Action COSDA, Somalia
- Confederation of Christian Trade Unions of Belgium (ACV-CSC), Belgium
- CoNGO (Conference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Relationship with the United Nations), USA
- Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd – Special Consultative Status with UN, ECOSOC, USA/Global
- Daughters of Mumbi Global Resource Center, Kenya
- DAWN (Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era), Fiji
- Debt Justice UK
- Democracy Education Center (DEMO), Mongolia
- Diálogo 2000 – Jubileo Sur Argentina
- Disability Peoples Forum, Uganda
- Economic Justice for Women Project (EJWP), Zimbabwe
- Economists for Future, Global
- Ecumenical Academy, Czech Republic
- Education International, Global
- Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), Egypt
- Elle à Elle, DR Congo
- Equidad de Género: Ciudadanía, Trabajo y Familia, Mexico
- Equity for Children, USA
- ERLASSJAHR.DE – Entwicklung braucht Entschuldung, Germany
- EURODAD, Belgium
- EuroMed Rights, Denmark
- EuroMemo Group – European Economists for an Alternative Economic Policy in Europe, Austria
- Feminist Macroeconomic Alliance Malawi (FEAM), Malawi
- Feminist Task Force, Global
- Fight Inequality Alliance Kenya
- Fight Inequality Alliance Mexico
- Fight Inequality Alliance South Africa
- Financial Justice Ireland
- Financial Transparency Coalition (FTC), Global
- Food for Life Nepal
- For Equality, Malawi
- Forum for Wildlife and Environment Preserve (FOWEP), Nepal
- Free Trade Union Development Center, Sri Lanka
- Friends of the Disabled Association, Lebanon
- Gender and Development Network, UK
- Geopolitical Economy Research Group, University of Manitoba, Canada
- Gestos, Brazil
- Girls Advocacy Network, Ghana
- Global Alliance for Tax Justice, Global
- Global Call to Action Against Poverty (GCAP), Global
- Global Climate Change Foundation(GCCF), Bangladesh
- Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (GI-ESCR), Global
- Global Policy Forum Europe, Germany
- Global Policy Forum USA
- Global Social Justice Brussels, Belgium
- Global Social Justice, Switzerland/Global
- Good Health Community Programmes, Kenya
- Green Economy Coalition, UK
- Hand and Brain Africa Activist Research Initiative, Ghana
- Housing Assembly, South Africa
- IBON International, Philippines
- Initiative for Social and Economic Rights (ISER), Uganda
- Initiative Locale pour le Developpement Integre, DR Congo
- Institute for Economic Justice, South Africa
- Institute for Policy Research Development (IPRAD) and Development (IPRAD), Nepal
- Instituto de Estudios Obreros Rafael Galván, Mexico
- Instituto de Estudos Socioeconômicos (INESC), Brazil
- Instituto Eqüit – Gênero, Economia e Cidadania, Global/Brazil
- International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse, USA
- JusticeMakers, Bangladesh
- Kikandwa Environmental Association, Uganda
- Komite Esperansa, Timor-Leste
- KULU-Women and Development, Denmark
- Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation, Sweden
- La Coordinadora de Organizaciones para el Desarrollo-España, Spain
- Lutte Nationale Contre la Pauvrete en RD Congo “LUNACOP/GCAP-RDC”, DR Congo
- LWF Waking the Gigant Initiative, Liberia
- Make Mothers Matter (MMM), Switzerland
- MenaFem Movement for Economic, and Ecological Justice, Regional MENA
- Middelburg Environment Justice Network, South Africa
- Movimiento por la Salud de los Pueblos, Argentina
- Nadi Ghati Morcha-India, India
- Nash Vek PF, Kyrgyzstan
- National Campaign for Sustainable Development Nepal
- National Society of Conservationists – Friends of the Earth Hungary
- National Sudanese Women Association, Sudan
- National Trade Union “Cartel ALFA”, Romania
- Networked Intelligence for Development, Canada
- Noble Delta Women for Peace and Development International, Nigeria
- Observatori del Deute en la Globalització, Catalonia (Spain)
- Oikos – Cooperação e Desenvolvimento, Portugal
- Organisation Paysanne pour le Développement Durable, DR Congo
- OXFAM, Global
- Pakistan Kissan Rabiya Committee, Pakistan
- Phenix Center, Jordan
- PNB Employees Union Mumbai, India
- Polycom Development Project, Kenya
- Psychological Responsiveness NGO, Mongolia
- Reacción Climática, Bolivia
- Reachout Salone, Sierra Leone
- Reality of Aid-Asia Pacific, Region Asia-Pacific
- RECODEFSENEGAL ex FEMNETSENEGAL, Senegal
- Recourse, Netherlands
- Rural Area Development Programme (RADP), Nepal
- SEAarta Network (South East Asia Artivist Network), Indonesia
- Seed Savers Network, Kenya
- SFBSP-BURUNDI, Burundi
- SocDevJustice, Germany
- Social and Economic Policies Monitor, Palestine
- Social Justice Platform, Egypt
- Social Watch, Uruguay
- Social Watch, Bénin
- Social Watch Coalition Czech Republic
- SODNET, Kenya
- Southern African Social Policy Research Insights
- Southern and Eastern Africa Trade Information and Negotiations Institute (SEATINI), Uganda
- Sukkar Welfare Organization, Pakistan
- Tax Justice Coalition (TJC) Ghana, Social Support Foundation (SSF), Ghana
- Tax Justice Network, UK
- The CeSSRA – Centre for Social Sciences Research & Action, Lebanon
- The Oakland Institut, USA
- The Reality of Aid Network, Global
- Together Smile, Senegal
- Tribeless Youth, Kenya
- Tunaweza Organisation, Tanzania
- Tunisian Observatory of Economy, Tunisia
- Union des Syndicats du Tchad, Chad
- Veille Citoyenne Togo
- Voluntary Services Overseas (VSO), Malawi
- WEDO (Women’s Environment and Development Organization), USA
- Wemos, Netherlands
- WIDE – Network for Women ́s Rights and Feminist Perspectives in Development, Austria
- Woman Power DRC -WPD, DR Congo
- WomanHealth Philippines
- Women Engage for a Common Future (WECF), Netherlands
- Women In Development Europe+ (WIDE+), Belgium
- Women’s Working Group on Financing for Development, Global
- Women’s Budget Group, UK
- World Economy, Ecology & Development – WEED, Germany
- WSM – Belgium
- YouthArise, South Africa
ACADEMICS/INDIVIDUALS
- A. Erinç Yeldan, Professor of Economics, Kadir Has University, Turkiye
- A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, Professor of Economics and International Development, Trent University, Canada
- Abdul Alekry, National Studies Center, Bahrain
- Adekunle Adebayo, Associate Professor of Economics, Lagos State University of Education, Nigeria
- Agostina Costantino, Researcher at the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina
- Ajit Zacharias, Senior Scholar, Levy Economics Institute, USA
- Alan B. Cibils, Professor, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina
- Alcantara Manuel, Professor Emeritus Univerdad Salamanca, Spain
- Alejandro Vanoli, Economist, former President Central Bank of Argentina
- Alicia Girón, Emeritus Research UNAM, Mexico
- Alicia Puyana, Professor FLACSO, Mexico
- Amit Sadhukhan, Assistant Professor, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India
- Amjad Rabi, Visiting Scholar, Social Wellbeing Research Center, University of Malaya, Malaysia
- Anis Chowdhury, Adjunct Professor, Western Sydney University, Australia
- Anita Kelles-Viitanen, former Manager, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Finland
- Anthony D’Costa, Professor of Economics, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA
- Anuradha Chenoy, Jawaharlal Nehru University (retired), India
- Anwar Qabaja, Economist, Palestine
- Arthur MacEwan, Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA
- Aviva Ron, Global Achievement Award 2014 at Johns Hopkins University, Israel
- Azita Berar, Chair, Board of UNRISD; Director, Policy, GLO; former Director, Employment Policy Department at ILO, Switzerland
- Barbara Fritz, Professor Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
- Barrantes Alexandra, Senior Social Protection Specialist, UK
- Barzin Jafartash, University of Tehran, Iran
- Ben Radley, Lecturer in International Development, University of Bath, UK
- Beverly Keene, Prof. Cátedra Cultura para la Paz y los Derechos Humanos, Cs. Sociales/Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Bridget Moyo, LUANAR, Malawi
- Bunu Goso Umara, Project Directo, Initiative for Educational Awareness and Economic Development, Nigeria
- Byasdeb Dasgupta, Professor of Economics University of Kalyani, India
- C. Saratchand, Professor, Department of Economics, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, India
- Cäcilie Schildberg, former academic, University of Dortmund, Germany
- Carlos Antonio Rozo Bernal, Full professor, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Xochimilco, México
- Carlos Benavente Gómez, Economist, author, Nicaragua
- Carlos Fortin, former Assistant Secretary-General, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), UK
- Carmine Gorga, President, Somist Institute, USA
- Cephas Lumina, former UN Independent Expert on foreign debt and human rights, and Member, UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, Zambia
- Chandan Mukherjee, Professor, Ambedkar University Delhi, India
- Chinglen Maisnam, Professor, Department of Economics, Manipur University, Manipur, India
- Chris Baker, Honorary editor, Siam Society, Thailand
- David Archer, Head of Programmes, ActionAid International, UK
- David Barkin, Distinguished Professor, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico
- David G Legge, La Trobe University, Melbourne Australia
- David McLennan, Southern African Social Policy Research Insights (SASPRI), UK
- Denys Correll, former Executive Director International Council on Social Welfare, Australia
- Devika Dutt, Lecturer, King’s College London, India/UK
- Dipa Sinha, Ambedkar University Delhi, India
- Dzodzi Tsikata, Research Professor, SOAS, University of London, UK
- Eleuterio Prado, Sao Paulo University, Brazil
- Elisa Van Waeyenberge, Professor of Development Economics, SOAS University of London, UK
- Emanuel de Kadt, Prof. Institute of Development Studies, UoS, UK
- Eric Toussaint, University of PARIS VIII and University of LIEGE, Belgium
- Erol Balkan, Professor of Economics/ Hamilton College, USA
- Essam Ali, former Social Policy Specialist, UNICEF, Sweden
- Fernández Toxo, Ignacio, former President Consejo Economic y Social and Secretary General CCOO, Spain
- Fidel Aroche, UNAM, Mexico
- Frances Stewart, Emeritus Professor, University of Oxford, UK
- Francisco Cantamutto, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur (UNS- CONICET), Argentina
- Gabriel Gómez, UNAM, México
- Gabriele Koehler, UNRISD Senior Research Associate, Germany
- Garry Rodan, Honorary Professor, The University of Queensland, Australia
- Gemma Wright, Professor Extraordinarius, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa
- Georgina Muñoz, UNAN, Nicaragua
- Gerald Epstein, Professor of Economics University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
- Habravysh Natta, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
- Harry Shutt, Economist and author, UK
- Himmelweit Susan, Open University, UK
- HS.Shylendra, Dr. Institute of Rural Mangement Anand, Gujarat, India
- Ilene Grabel, Distinguished University Professor, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, USA
- Innocent Buchu, BBCAfrique correspondent, DR Congo
- Isabel Ortiz, former Director at the UN International Labour Organization and UNICEF, Spain
- J.C. Moreno Brid, Economist UNAM, Mexico
- Jairo Parada, Universidad del Norte, Colombia
- James Heintz, Andrew Glyn Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
- Janet Opula, Chuka University, Kenya
- Jayati Ghosh, Professor of Economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
- Jesim Pais, Director, Society for Social and Economic Research, Delhi, India
- Jimi Adesina, Research Professor at the University of South Africa
- John Miller, Professor of Economics, Wheaton College, Norton, USA
- John Quiggin, Professor, University of Queensland, Australia
- Jomo Kwame Sundaram, former Assistant Secretary-General at the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs and at the FAO, Malaysia
- Juan Cambon Fraga, Arkitect, Sweden
- Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, Researcher CONICET, Argentina, and former UN Independent Expert on economic reform policies and foreign debt, Argentina
- Juan Somavia, former Director General of the UN International Labour Organization, Chile
- Kannimel Narayana, former Professor, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, India
- Keshab Khadka, Professor, Dept of Economics, Tribhuwan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Kevin Gallagher, Director Global Development Policy Center, USA
- Kiran Desai, former Professor, Centre for Social Studies, Surat, India
- Korkut Boratav, Professor (retired) University of Ankara, Turkiye
- Lara Merling, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania
- Lena Lavinas, Professor of Welfare Economics at the Institute of Economics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Luis Bértola, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
- Malango Kayira, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Malawi
- Martha Quiñones, Universidad Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico
- Martín Mangas, Profesor de Finanzas Públicas, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina
- Matías Vernengo, Professor of Economics, Bucknell University, USA
- Matthew Cummins, Social Policy and Health Economics Regional Adviser, UN Population Fund, Senegal
- Maxine Molyneux, Emeritus Professor, University College London, UK
- Michael Noble, Emeritus Professor of Social Policy, University of Oxford, UK
- Moritz Cruz, UNAM, Mexico
- Muhammad Nur Amal bin Mohamad Matahab, former Assistant Secretary Development Division, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources, Malaysia
- N. K. Rathod, Anand Agricultural University, India
- Nalini Nayak, Associate Professor (Retd), Delhi University, India
- Nancy Alexander, former Director of Economic Governance, Heinrich Boell Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
- Nasheli Noriega, Oxfam LAC, Mexico
- Nita Singh, Associate Professor, Delhi University, India
- Nitasha Kaul, Professor of Politics, International Relations and Critical Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Westminster, London, UK
- Noeleen Heyzer, former UN Under-Secretary General, Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific (ESCAP), Singapore
- Oksana Prosvirnina, Odessa State University, department of Sociology, Ukraine
- Oliver Ujah, Executive Director, Aces-Key Consulting Ltd, Ghana
- Pasquale De Muro, Roma Tre University, Italy
- Pasuk Phongpaichit, Emeritus Professor, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Paul Robert Gilbert, Senior Lecturer in International Development, University of Sussex, UK
- Paul Stubbs, Senior Research Fellow The Institute of Economics, Zagreb, Croatia
- Peter Beattie, Assistant Professor CUHK, Hong Kong
- Pierre Sane, former Secretary General of Amnesty International and Assistant Director- General UNESCO, Senegal
- Priyavadan Patel, Professor & Head, Department of Political Science, M S University of Baroda, Gujarat, India
- Pulin Nayak, Professor of Economics, Delhi School of Economics (Retired), India
- Rabecca Phiri Mwalabu, Cavendish University Zambia, Malawi
- Radhika Balakrishnan, Professor Rutgers University, USA
- Raja Khalidi, Director, Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute, Palestine
- Rajiv Jha, Associate Professor, Shri Ram college of Commerce, Delhi University, India
- Rana Jawad, Professor of Global Social Policy, University of Birmingham, UK
- Ravindra Pancholi, Gujarat Vidyapith, India
- Regis Mtutu, Women’s Rights and Gender Justice Coordinator, Oxfam, Zimbabwe
- Richard D. Wolff, Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
- Rick Rowden, Senior Professorial Lecturer, American University, USA
- Ritu Dewan, Director & Professor, Mumbai School of Economics & Public Policy, University of Mumbai, India
- Robin Broad, Research Professor, American University, Washington DC., USA
- Rohith Jyothish, Assistant Professor, O. P. Jindal Global University, India
- Rolph van der Hoeven, Professor Emeritus, International Institute of Social Studies(ISS) at Erasmus University, The Netherlands
- Ronald Labonte, Professor Emeritus, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada
- Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, Professor of International Affairs, The New School, USA/Japan
- Sally Sami, Human Rights Defender, Egypt
- Sampathkumar, Professor of Psychology, University of Mysore, India
- Santhosh T Varghese, Assistant Professor, Maharajas College Ernakulam Kerala, India
- Sattwick Dey Biswas, Research Fellow, Institute of Public Policy, Bengalore, India
- Saumyajit Bhattacharya, Associate Professor, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, India
- Sevil Acar, Bogazici University, Turkiye
- Seyhan Erdogdu , Professor Ankara University, Turkiye
- Shakti Kak, Professor (Retired) Jamia Millia University, India
- Shewli Kumar, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India
- Sinthuja Sritharan, Researcher, Law and Society Trust, Sri Lanka
- Sir Richard Jolly, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UK
- Smitha Francis, Senior Fellow, NPEI, IIT Bombay, India
- Sophie Plagerson, University of Johannesburg, Netherlands
- Sreeram Mushty, Professor FINANCE-ALIET, India
- T. Sabri Öncü, former Research Professor of Finance at the NYU, Turkiye
- Thomas Pogge, Professor, Yale University, USA
- Thomas Stubbs, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK
- Tiruwork Liyew, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Ethiopia
- Ulas Karakoc, Assistant Professor in Economics Kadir Has University, Turkiye
- Utsa Patnaik, Professor Emeritus Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
- Veerle Vandeweerd, former Director Environment and Energy UNDP, Belgium
- Venkatesh Athreya, Professor of Economics(Retired), Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India
- Werner Raza, Director, Austrian Foundation for Development Research, Austria
- William Robinson, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA
- Zahra Karimi Moughari, Associate Professor University of Mazandaran, Iran
- Zoë Irving, Professor of International and Comparative Social Policy, University of York, UK